A Guide to Network Architectures

Key takeaways

A network architecture combines design choices and organizational structure to shape how a computer network performs.

• Network architecture plays a pivotal role in an organization's network infrastructure's security, efficiency, and overall functionality. 

• As technology advances and industries embrace digitization, networks are increasingly tasked with doing more, placing more pressure on network architectures to meet those needs.

• You can choose options such as peer-to-peer or client-server network architectures based on technical requirements, financial considerations, and desired scalability.

Explore what network architecture means, popular types of network architectures, how to choose the right one for you, and how you can start building your network architecture. To start learning now, consider the Akamai Network Engineering Professional Certificate. In as little as three months, you can learn how to implement networking technologies such as TCP/IP and DNS to ensure efficient data transmission. By the end, you’ll have had the opportunity to build skills in remote access systems, vulnerability scanning, OSI models, and more.

What is network architecture in computer networks?

Network architecture combines design and organization to create how a computer network functions. It outlines how devices like computers, smartphones, and network servers connect physically and logically to provide an efficient network that meets users' needs. 

The size and shape of networks can vary depending on the number of devices served by the network and the network topology. Local area networks, or LANs, typically include a close geographic region, such as an office building, home, or other personal residence. A wide area network, or WAN, covers a larger geographical area, like a city-wide or corporate network with several locations.

Read more: What Is a Network Administrator? A Career Guide

Types of network architectures

You can choose different network architectures depending on your or your organization’s requirements. Two common architectures you might use include:

Peer-to-peer networks

Peer-to-peer networks value every gadget in the system at the same level. In this type of network, each gadget can talk to any other directly. It’s easier to set up, but it's best for small locations, like in your home or a small office.

Client-server networks

Client-server networks are more powerful and provide services to individual clients or stations. In this type of architecture, servers wait for requests from client devices. Once a request comes in, the server processes the request and responds. Servers can be either stateless or stateful. Stateful servers remember past interactions with each client, allowing for more complex, ongoing conversations. 

Servers often use a master-slave pattern to handle multiple client requests efficiently. Here, the master server listens for requests and assigns a slave server to process each one, ensuring smooth and concurrent task handling. This setup is useful for big companies because it’s secure and can handle many people.

What are the seven layers in network architecture?

Network architectures are often split into seven layers, including both hardware and software layers, in something known as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. This model details the following seven layers, each with their own specific role in network systems and communication:

1. Physical layer

2. Data link layer

3. Network layer

4. Transport layer

5. Session layer

6. Presentation layer

7. Application layer

Pros and cons of network architecture types

Understanding the advantages and drawbacks of different network architectures can help you choose the one that best suits your needs. Below is a quick rundown of the pros and cons of peer-to-peer and client-server architectures.

Peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture

When choosing a P2P architecture, consider the following pros and cons. A solid understanding of strengths and weaknesses can ensure you make the right choice for your needs.

Pros:

• Simplicity: P2P architecture is easily set up without specialized knowledge or hardware.

• Cost-effective: It can lower costs since a dedicated server is unnecessary.

• Direct access: All devices can share resources like files directly with each other.

Cons:

• Scalability: P2P architecture is limited to fewer devices and becomes inefficient as the network grows.

• Security: It tends to be less secure, as each device is a client and a server, increasing vulnerability.

• Resource load: It can strain individual devices as they handle both client and server roles.

Client-server architecture

Client-server architecture has several advantages and disadvantages, similar to P2P networks. The following lists a few common ones to consider.

Pros:

• Scalability: It easily accommodates more devices, making it an adaptable option suitable for large organizations.

• Centralized control: A single server can manage resources, updates, and security protocols.

• Accessibility: Login details allow a wide network of people to access the network from anywhere.

Cons:

• Complexity: These networks are more complex to install than peer-to-peer network architectures.

• Cost: Client-server architecture requires investment in dedicated server hardware rather than a desktop computer.

Who uses network architecture?

Network architecture is an important component of modern business and various other sectors. 

Knowing who employs network architecture can offer you a broader view of its significance and applications.

Experts such as network analysts, systems engineers, and network engineers specialize in designing and implementing network architectures. Key skills include problem-solving, analytical thinking, and effective communication. These professionals often must consider network modeling, planning, and possibly network security measures.

Other locations that may choose to hire network architecture professionals include:

• Businesses and corporations: Large companies often require complex network setups to manage data, communication, and operations. These entities typically have a client-server architecture to handle many tasks and users efficiently.

• Small and medium companies: Small businesses might opt for simpler peer-to-peer networks due to limited resources. As they grow, these companies often transition to more advanced architectures to accommodate an expanding workforce and client base.

• Health care organizations: Hospitals and clinics require reliable networks for patient records and scheduling and high levels of security to protect patient information.

• Government agencies: National and local government offices rely on secure network architecture for remote data management, records management, and information privacy. 

Designing network architecture

Learning to design your own network architecture can be a fun way to learn new skills and create a well-designed network that meets your needs. You can start with this simplified guide.

1. Understand your requirements.

Before diving into the technicalities, list what you want the network to achieve. Are you setting it up for a small business, a large corporation, or personal use? Each will have different performance, scalability, and security requirements.

2. Choose the type of architecture.

The two primary types of network architecture are peer-to-peer and client-server. Peer-to-peer is generally simpler and less expensive but may not scale well. Client-server architectures are more complex but offer more control and are easier to scale.

3. Identify network devices and hardware.

Decide on the network elements essential for your design. Ensure they meet your current network’s performance requirements and can handle your future network needs.

4. Plan the network topology.

How will the devices be physically and logically connected? Common topologies include star, ring, or mesh. The choice often depends on the redundancy, performance, and complexity you aim for.

5. Consider network security.

Security is a critical element in any network design. Both internal and external threats are important to consider.

6. Consider the IP addressing scheme.

Decide on a logical IP addressing scheme for all the devices in your network. This will facilitate management and communication.

Explore our free networking and architecture resources for professionals

If you’d like to learn more about network architectures, computer systems, and career-related topics, consider subscribing to our LinkedIn newsletter, Career Chat. You can also explore more through our free resources below:

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